winnicott holding handling object presenting

These experiences emerge from the good-enough mother’s experience of being. . for any length of time. . The problem of how we know that the infant’s experience is like ours remains. He has presented papers at several meetings of the Eric Voegelin Society. This interpretation is consistent with Winnicott’s insistence on the experiential unity of the moment of illusion for the infant. There are at least two reasons why such studies are worth doing. The infant has “hope” about his state of extreme dependence (p. 30). Critical to Winnicott’s account are the related terms “fantasy” and “illusion.”  To make sense of what he says, I argue that he is using those terms in two different ways. 74 La clinique du holding, Illustration de D.W. Winnicott On pourrait appeler cet abord le holding du holding ou, plus élégamment, la clinique du holding. * Counseling Initially the baby’s life consists of unconnected and disorganized states. Holding is made possible by the ordinary mother’s intense but healthy unconscious identification with her baby, which emerges towards the end of her pregnancy and during the infant’s first weeks of life. to various kinds and degrees of failure of holding, handling and object-presenting at the earliest stage. . . rather than the shock of being 'dropped'. * Gender This would fill him with annhilation anxiety and force him to withdraw his awareness from shared reality. “This potential space is at the interplay between there being nothing but me and there being objects and phenomena outside omnipotent control.” (Winnicott 1971b, p. 103)   This space “initially both joins and separates the baby and the mother” (p. 103). Ogden (1990) provides the example of a mother helping a boy of two-and-one-half years take a bath, after his head has gotten under the water on a previous evening, by inviting him to “pour me some tea.”  Emerging from a tense, fearful state, the boy picks up an empty shampoo bottle and begins to use it to pour “milk” into his mother’s “teacup” to cool her “tea.”  The child has a sufficient capacity to experience being to be able to relax and become absorbed in the drama of the play. That which gives direction to the desire and thus imparts content to it is the ground itself, insofar as it moves man by attraction (kinetai).”, “The tension toward the ground, of which man is conscious, thus must be understood as a unity that may be interpreted but not analyzed into parts. Menu | The experience is neither in the subject nor in the world of objects but In-Between, and that means In-Between the poles of man and the reality that he experiences.” (Voegelin 1989, pp. Holding, Handling, Object presenting Sitzung am 11.Juni 2008 • 1. He uses the term “act of transcendence” to refer to the culmination of a process of meditation in which an experience of transcendence ends in the pervasion of consciousness by transcendent Being. They now include subjective mental states-feelings, motives, intentions-that lie behind the physical happenings in the domain of core relatedness. Among his analyses of disorders of the soul and the processes that maintain them, perhaps the clearest are contained in the essays on “Hegel:  A Study in Sorcery” (Voegelin 1971) and “The Eclipse of Reality” (Voegelin 1969). . mother and illusions of omnipotence comes the stage of 'relative dependence', The first step toward interpreting these passages is to examine Winnicott’s assumption that at the beginning of life the infant is “totally unaware” of his separateness from and dependence on the mother. His work abounds with sensitive analyses of the order of the souls of philosophers, saints, and sages, and acute diagnoses of the disorder of the souls of gnostic intellectuals and ideologues. Winnicott, D.W. (1954), “Metapsychological and Clinical Aspects of Regression Within the Psychoanalytical Setup,” in Through Pediatrics to Psychoanalysis, 278-294. . The mother gives the baby a brief period in which omnipotence is a matter of experience. Large font | document.write(new Date().getFullYear()); Of the transitional object it can be said that it is a matter of agreement between us and the baby that we will never ask the question:  “Did you conceive of this or was it presented to you from without?”  The important point is that no decision on this point is expected. The symbols, therefore, do not denote an unconscious reality as an object, but, rather, are the unconscious reality itself, broken in the medium of consciousness.” (p. 192). The comparison indicates the remarkable overlap between the experiences articulated and the areas of reality explored by the philosopher and the psychoanalyst. Thus, he uses the terms fantasy and illusion to refer to two quite different experiences, one of which emerges chronologically before the other. Stern, D. (1985), The Interpersonal World of the Infant:  A View from Psychoanalysis and Developmental Psychology (New York:  Basic Books). Winnicott, D.W. (1950), “Knowing and Learning,” in Babies and Their Mothers, 15-21. The movements of the depth reverberate in the conscious subject without becoming objects for it. Small font | * Listening In that event, the infant’s sense of self is based on reaction to annihilation anxieties rather than being. For Winnicott transitional phenomena occur in an intermediate area or potential space. These anxieties are aspects of the most primitive human anxiety of “annihilation” (Winnicott 1960, p. 47). He took a softer approach than such as (Voegelin 1956, p. xiv)  The philosopher does not start his inquiry from scratch but from the symbols in his social environment that have been developed to articulate that order. . Home | Voegelin occasionally mentions the importance of regular meditative practice to the maintainence of an open psyche (Voegelin 1974). Rather, Winnicott was symbolizing both the set of unconscious meanings that a person develops by participating in a mother-infant dyad, a family, and a culture, and the infinite unconscious depths of the psyche that are continuous with the depth of the Cosmos. . Philosophizing involves a meditative descent into the depths of the psyche in search of the experiences that motivated such symbols and a meditative ascent from the depths in search of a more differentiated language with which to interpret those experiences and symbols and, thereby, bring the order of being to essential clarity. ‘The whole realm of the spiritual (daimonion) is halfway indeed between (metaxy) god and man . In such societies, reality is symbolized as an embracing whole that is comprised of the four areas of the gods, man, the world, and society, all of which are symbolized compactly in terms of analogies with each other. | The cosmos is not a thing among others; it has reality in the mode of nonexistence. As Voegelin describes the experience in the fourth volume of his magnum opus, Order and History: “The cosmos of the primary experience is neither the external world of objects given to a subject of cognition, nor is it the world that has been created by a world-transcendent God. La función del sostenimiento es un factor básico del cuidado maternal que corresponde al hecho de sostenerlo (emocionalmente) de manera apropiada. According to Voegelin, experiences of transcendence occur in ancient societies that symbolize reality solely in mythical terms, but the various realms of being are not clearly distinguished and acts of transcendence are not recognized as such, if they occur at all. J'aurai tout aussi pu appeler cet article "Pourquoi porter bébé". Winnicott a beaucoup à apporter à un parent. Although there are few discussions of spiritual experience in his writings, on more than one occasion he observed that contemplation is an important source of a rich inner life, and his negative remarks about religion are always directed at dogma of one kind or another. * Stress Management Holding, handling et object presenting. This intermediate area is in direct continuity with the play area of the small child who is ‘lost’ in play.” (Winnicott 1953, p. 13). Contact | I believe we have just as much to learn about psychotherapy by exploring love in the senses of philia and agape. * Groups completely, gradually, according to the infant's growing ability to deal with The good enough mother will do this to the general satisfaction of the 28, What is History? * Conditioning I est à l'origine de l'affirmation qu'il n'y a pas d'enfant tout seul. With respect to the first problem, recent research by developmental psychologists suggests that the infant has some awareness of self and other from the beginning of life. . Her failure to adapt to every need of the child helps them adapt At the end of “The Eclipse of Reality,” Voegelin indicates that he has “eliminated the issue of psychopathological sanity or insanity by treating the whole work [of Comte] as a problem in the pneumopathology of projecting” and returns to “the question of the difference between pneumopathological and psychiatric phenomena,” which is raised earlier in the essay (p. 158). * Coping Mechanisms Voegelin inferred from this view that we commit what Whitehead calls the fallacy of misplaced concreteness if we interpret our language of subject-verb-object as reality itself. . In the first of the two essays, Voegelin argues that Hegel is a representative modern thinker in that his existence is characterized by the coexistence of two selves. The mother’s care gives the infant sufficient existential security to be able to tolerate gradually greater degrees of satisfaction and frustration. * Storytelling In object relations theory, Winnicott believed that there was no such thing as an infant, ... such as inadequate holding, handling and object-presenting (Winnicott, 1962; 1963). This allows us to make sense of Winnicott’s statements that “[f]antasy [participation in reality] is more primary than reality [the world of existent things], and the enrichment of fantasy [symbolizing] with the world’s riches depends on the experience of illusion [participation in reality],” and that the moment of illusion is “a bit of experience which the infant can take [when his capacities have matured sufficiently] as either his hallucination or a thing belonging to external reality.” (Winnicott 1945, p. 153, 152). The infant may respond to these environmental provisions, but the result in the baby is maximal personal maturation. * Public speaking It is in the total set-up.” (Winnicott 1952a, p. 99), Winnicott uses the terms holding, handling, and object-presenting to refer to three aspects of the ordinary, good-enough mother’s care of her infant that are necessary conditions of his primitive emotional development. ), The Predicament of the Family: A . It includes the management of experiences that are inherent in existence, such as the completion (and therefore the non-completion) of processes … which from the outside may seem to be purely physiological but which belong to infant psychology and take place in a complex psychological field, determined by the awareness and empathy of the mother . The following passage from Voegelin’s analysis illustrates his understanding of the order of man’s participation in being and, therefore, is worth quoting in full: “In the experience of Aristotle man finds himself in a condition of ignorance (agnoia, amathia) with regard to the ground of order (aition, arche) of his existence. [which is] perhaps the simplest of all experiences . In P. Lomas (Ed. Winnicott’ s ideas about holding, regression, idealization, object usage and colli- sions between the ideal and actual analyst. Where the complications are not too great something very simple happens. * Communication escapes being known.” (B 86). It hides and protects it, and it reacts to the Inquiry in this area would include exploration of the differentiation of the height of the psyche as part of the healing process. * Closing techniques He studied political philosophy at the University of Virginia and clinical social work at the University of Maryland. He worked nearly all his professional life as a pediatrician, treated upwards of 20,000 children, and is regarded as among the most gifted child psychotherapists. In a subsequent paper, Winnicott says that if the infant suffers repeated impingements that disrupt the experience of being, resulting in a predominance of annihilation anxiety, then a compliant False Self reacts to environmental demands, and the infant seems to accept them: “Through this False Self the infant builds up a false set of relationships, and by means of introjections even attains a show of being real, so that the child may grow to be just like mother, nurse, aunt, brother, or whoever at the time dominates the scene. T. A. Hollweck and P. Caringella (Baton Rouge, LA:  Louisiana State University Press). * Using humor There is nothing mystical about this. * Storytelling (1965), The Divided Self:  An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness (London:  Pelican Books). . Winnicott spoke of the infant’s needs from his mother using the terms ‘holding’, ‘handling’ and ‘object-presenting’. * Preferences London: Hogarth, | * Change techniques The mother's role is thus first to create illusion that allows early Handling 3. This sense of being is something that antedates the idea of being-at-one-with, because there has not yet been anything else except identity. The theory of holding includes both bodily and emotional features and promotes the infant’s ego-incorporation, his aptitude for object relating, and ultimately his ability for object usage. Beginning with the essays written in the 1960s that were published in Anamnesis (Voegelin 1978), Voegelin begins to speak of “noetic” and “pneumatic” experiences and to use those terms as synonymous to the philosophical and revelatory differentiations, respectively. * Negotiation The metaphors are equivalent to the Heraclitan symbol of descending into the depth that is so important for Voegelin. Share | There is a biologically-based tendency for this “primary unintegration” to coalesce in more connected and organized form. * Relationships Winnicott emphasizes that the mother’s devoted care is a necessary condition of the infant’s successful maturation during this earliest period. after guilt engendered by more Freudian approaches. Psycho-Analytical Symposium (pp. . * Job-finding This included views This is a sense of self “experienced as a coherent, willful, physical entity with a unique affective life and history that belong to it” that is related to mother and others who are experienced in the same way (p. 26). * SIFT Model Similarly, both the emergent and core senses of self and other remain when the subjective sense of self and other emerge. Mythical symbolism, with its rich field of sensuous images and tales, is permeated by play, but lacks critical awareness of the function of play in creating worlds of meaning. The literature on the work of the philosopher Eric Voegelin includes no studies of the relevance of his philosophy of order for psychiatry and psychotherapy. transparent for the mystery of existence over the abyss of nonexistence.” (p. 72), For Voegelin, philosophical symbols that seek to explicate the consubstantiality of man and the reality of which he is a part, including the reality of other men, have their source in the primary experience and emerge from and are continuous with more compact mythical symbols. Because Stern can infer nothing else from data collected through observation of infants, that is the only dimension of the infant’s experience in that period that he talks about. * Values, – About Voegelin refers to James’ essay, “Does Consciousness Exist?”, which Alfred North Whitehead said marks the end of modern philosophy just as Descartes’ Meditations marks its beginning. In this period the infant is transitioning from having the moment of illusion in the first sense noted above to beginning to be able to use symbols to generate illusions in the second sense. Object-presenting. Winnicott addresses that problem by assuming that from the beginning of life the infant has the capacity to experience fantasy and illusion. Winnicott mentions contemplation favorably, but as far as I know there is no evidence that he engaged in regular meditative practice (although the practice of psychotherapy involves experiences of transcendence that nourish the psyche). He says that the infant develops a “feeling of confidence” or “trust” in his environment (pp. The result is a fantasy of a wholly immanent, contracted self that may relate to the world of existent things, but is unrelated to the ground of being and, therefore, cannot have contact with the true selves of others. A second theme is the similarity between the core problems addressed by Voegelin and Winnicott and the remarkable equivalence between many of their symbols. Caveat | Since healthy individuals continue to exercise those capacities throughout life, I interpret him as saying that openness to the cosmic primary experience is the foundation of psychological health. Voegelin, E. (1963), “What is History?” in What is History? Winnicott viewed the baby as “an immature being who is all the time on the brink of unthinkable anxieties,” which concern “going to pieces,” “falling for ever,” “having no relationship to the body,” and “having no orientation” (Winnicott 1962, pp. * Confidence tricks * Using repetition He acknowledged his debt to Jan Huizinga, whose Homo Ludens:  A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Huizinga 1965) he credited with recovering and deepening the Platonic insight that culture originates in play (Voegelin 1948; 1957b, pp. – Students In the last quotation Voegelin refers to noetic and pneumatic experiences. * Sociology “If you do not hope, you will not find the unhoped-for, since it is hard to be found and the way is all but impassable.” (B 18)  Voegelin interprets these fragments as emphasizing the difficulty of finding the divine that we seek and stresses that the “the anticipating urges” of hope and faith orient the psyche’s search in the right direction. During this transitional period the infant does not have a subjective sense of self and other and is not yet able to be aware of and think about himself, his symbols, and the objects they symbolize as separate parts of reality (Ogden 1990). At about two months the emerging self and other constellations coalesce into an organizing experiential perspective that Stern calls a sense of a core self and other. The mother has a breast and the power to produce milk, and the idea that she would like to be attacked by a hungry baby. Two separate persons can feel at one, but here at the place I am examining the baby and the object are one.” (Winnicott 1971b, p. 80). . . That constant element is the experience of all the areas of reality as consubstantial. . . Later I found that the same type of analysis had been conducted on a much vaster scale by Plato, resulting in his concept of the metaxy-the In-Between. ‘” (p. 185). comfort and then to create disillusion that gradually introduces the part. . accepting and surviving this onslaught with equanimity. The false self and the second reality it inhabits are imaginary constructions motivated by “existential insecurity, anxiety, and libido dominandi.”. To reach this statement, he assumes that “in health there is a core to the personality that corresponds to the true self of the split personality.”  This “incommunicado element” at the center of the person “is truly personal,” “feels real,” and is sacred and most worth preserving . The individual gets to external reality through the omnipotent fantasies elaborated to get away from inner reality,” the experience of which is made unbearable by excessive annihilation anxiety (Winnicott 1935, p. 130). In my view, we can best make sense of Winnicott’s writings on these matters by assuming that, in addition to the meanings of fantasy and illusion indicated, Winnicott uses those terms to symbolize the infant’s experience of participation in reality, without being critically aware of the difference in meanings. The infant experiences  sufficiently disruptive breaks in maternal care as a threat to his existence to which he must react. Freud and Lacan, perhaps moderated by his (1991), “From Delusion to Play,” Clinical Social Work Journal, Vol. "The baby quickly learns to make a forecast: 'Just now it is le holding le handling l’object-presenting le vrai-self le faux-self La préoccupation maternelle primaire (1956) Dès la naissance, l'enfant se trouve dans un environnement humain spécifique, marqué par l'état psychique très particulier de la mère, qui consiste en un repli total de sa libido sur elle- This aspect of Winnicott’s work is the most important psychoanalytic theory of culture since Freud and has elicited the interest of scholars in disciplines such as literary criticism and theology. The cosmic primary experience is also the source of all differentiated revelatory symbols about man, such as those developed by the prophets of Israel to articulate the experience of the presence under God as their essence (Voegelin 1966, pp. 100, 103). Interpreting such research, Stern (1985) suggests that in the first two months of life the infant experiences primitive patterns of experience emerging and coalescing into larger “self-invariant and other-invariant constellations” (p. 67). (Winnicott 1971a, p. 102). Instead of cultural pursuits one observes in such persons extreme restlessness, an inability to concentrate, and a need to collect impingements from external reality so that the living-time of the individual can be filled by reactions to these impingements. The mother may thus hold the child, handle it In so doing, he appeals to our experience of the oneness, continuity, lastingness, and order of reality-that is, to what Voegelin calls the primary experience of the cosmos. the child in well-timed small doses, the mother helps develop a healthy sense of It indicates that he who is, is alive . . Such communication “alone gives the feeling of real” and is, “like the [silent] music of the spheres, absolutely personal. Aristotle assumes that the apprehending participation of the human nous in the ground of being is only made possible by “the preceding genetic participation of the divine in the human nous” (p. 150). In this condition what Laing calls a person’s “inner self” is occupied in fantasy and observation, observes the processes of perception and action, and attempts to be unaffected by events in the world, at least to a degree. Winnicott’s symbol fantasying is equivalent to Voegelin’s symbol imaginary construction. The transitional object and the transitional phenomena start each human being off with what will always be important for them, i.e. According to Voegelin, Plato’s myth of the myth in the Timaeus represents the maximal expression of this freedom. away from its state of one-ness with the mother. The pairs of symbols “true self-false self” and “first reality-second reality” are equivalent to the Platonic pairs “philosopher-philodoxer” and “episteme-doxa.”  Voegelin refers to the task of the philosopher as gaining “the stature of his true self as a man under God.” (Voegelin 1969, p. 216)  The true self exists in open participation in the first reality of the tension toward the divine ground. Similarly, the goal (telos) itself is divided into the components of desire (orekton) and the known (noeton) (1072a26ss). Frederikson, J. ', Immediately beyond this in the direction of pathology is * Research environment' allows the infant to transition at its own rate to a more Voegelin, E. (1948), “Review of Johan Huizinga, Homo Ludens:  Versuch zu einer Bestimmung des Spielelements in der Kultur. Such research will move us further along the way to having an adequate theory of the healing of the psyche that takes place in philosophy and psychotherapy. Ogden, T. (1990), The Matrix of the Mind (Northvale, NJ:  Jason Aronson). * Stress We can only illuminate our participation in being from within through the analogical symbols and narratives of myth and the more differentiated symbols of philosophy, revelation, and mysticism. G. Niemeyer (Columbia, MO:  University of Missouri Press). 982b18). This assumption creates a philosophical problem:  how does the infant move from that state to subsequent states in which he experiences himself as separate from but related to others (Ogden 1990)? * Teaching The first period, extending from birth to about five or six months, he refers to as the period of “primitive emotional development” (Winnicott 1945). child into the social world. no sense of self emerges except on the basis of this relating in the sense of BEING . The mother’s eventual task is gradually to disillusion the infant, but she has no hope of success unless she has first been able to give sufficient opportunity for illusion. . In 2016 he retired from thirty-six years of public service as a legislative, budget, and policy analyst, researcher, and manager for U.S. the Congress, the Congressional Budget Office, and two federal financial regulatory agencies. These two phenomena do not come into relation with each other till the mother and child live an experience together . First, for Voegelin the philosopher is a diagnostician of disorders of the soul. In his later work, Voegelin calls this constant the primary experience of the cosmos. Quick Links | * Sales The adaptive mother presents an object or a manipulation that meets the baby’s needs, and so the baby begins to need just what the mother presents. These refer roughly to the tasks mother is faced with, which he describes in his book: ‘The Child, the Family and the Outside World’. From this formless experience the creative physical and mental activity of the client can eventually emerge in play. Laing (Laing 1965). Settings |, Main sections: | (Winnicott 1966, p. 6). Huizinga observed that play is not peculiar to man but is to be found fully developed in the animal world, where it already appears as a superabundance that transcends the realm of material forces. Winnicott (1971) believed that infants first develop the capacity for object relating and then object use through a facilitating environment. (Winnicott, 1967). It is, as it were, under the baby’s magical control. This led Huizinga to conclude that play is a manifestation of the spirit. Second, he identifies this transcendent dimension of the person as his essence:  it is truly personal, gives the feeling of being real, and is the source of all healthy communication. The Moment of Illusion and the Existential Virtues. (1955), Homo Ludens:  A Study of the Play Element in Culture (Boston:  Beacon Press). Blog! Sense of self and other are no longer only core entities of physical presence, action, affect, and continuity. James, W. (1904), “Does Consciousness Exist?” in Essays in Radical Empiricism and A Pluralistic Universe (Gloucester, MA:  Peter Smith, 1967), 1-38. [E]ach individual is an isolate, permanently noncommunicating, permanently unknown, in fact unfound.” This part of the person communicates with what Winnicott calls “subjective” objects or phenomena. – Blog! Winnicott, D.W. (1971b), Playing and Reality (London:  Tavistock Publications Ltd). 3, Plato and Aristotle (Baton Rouge, LA:  Louisiana State University Press). Winnicott, C. (1978), “D.W.W. When the mother’s own experience has been good enough, her identification with her infant enables her to be extremely sensitive to his experience and to adapt nearly perfectly to his needs for a time. A key thesis for Winnicott is that, when the infant has the experience of being to a sufficient degree, the maturational processes of integration and personalization can take place, he can begin to find the objects that the mother presents, and he can begin to elaborate imaginatively the bodily processes and the subjective life of himself and others. 39-44). . . * Workplace design, * Assertiveness Voegelin, E. (1966), “What is Political Reality?” in Anamnesis, pp. . La mère a également un rôle fondamental concernant l’existence psychosomatique de son bébé. In effect, the false self tries to kill the true self, an attempt with which psychotherapists are quite familiar. As he put this insight ten years later: ” . . ” (p. 9)  Following James, Voegelin takes the view that both dimensions of experience-the immediate and the symbolically mediated-are real and must be acknowledged if we are to understand the knowing-from-within that we achieve through symbols. According to Voegelin, one reason why masses of people are attracted to a comprehensive but false ideological system elaborated by a Hegel or a Comte is that it “permits the assuaging of anxiety by removing, with a show of legitimacy, the expressions of existential tension to one of the more or less deep cellars of the unconscious.”  The result is the loss of the life of reason, since “the critical center of rational discourse-i.e., the luminosity of existence-has been suppressed” (p. 157). A critical ability for her is in As the early Hellenic philosophers explored the order of the psyche, they achieved this critical awareness, which enabled them to play with mythical symbols with greater freedom than their predecessors. “(p. 60). * Motivation * Body language implies the recognition that the conscious subject occupies only a small area in the soul. Repeated experiences of this type build the boy’s capacity to be, to play, and to generate symbolic meanings. adaptation to her infant's needs, and as time proceeds she adapts less and less message by a parent to a child. Donald Winnicott fut le premier à parler de l'objet transitionnel ainsi que des phénomènes transitionnels au début des années 1950, soulignant soigneusement que leur existence dépend de chaque enfant. Winnicott, D.W (1987), Babies and Their Mothers, ed.

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